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Vocabulary

Word Formation — Advanced

Complex affixes · conversion · compounding

Words 1–4

-ation / -isation suffix
forms abstract nouns from verbs (process or result)
-ment suffix
forms nouns from verbs, showing result or action
-ity / -ty suffix
forms abstract nouns from adjectives showing quality
-ness suffix
forms nouns from adjectives showing a state or condition
Examples
globalise → globalisation / organise → organisation
achieve → achievement / develop → development

Words 5–8

-ous / -ious suffix
forms adjectives meaning having the quality of
-ive / -ative suffix
forms adjectives meaning relating to or tending to
mis- prefix
means wrongly, badly, or incorrectly
over- prefix
means too much or excessively
Examples
ambition → ambitious / nutrition → nutritious
create → creative / imagine → imaginative

Words 9–12

under- prefix
means too little or insufficiently
counter- prefix
means against or in opposition to
Conversion (zero derivation)
using a word as a different part of speech without adding a suffix
Compound nouns
two or more words joined to create a new noun with a new meaning
Examples
estimate → underestimate / fund → underfund
argue → counterargue / act → counteract
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