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Vocabulary

Academic Vocabulary

Hedging verbs · discourse markers · nominalisation lexis

Words 1–4

Argue
to present reasons for or against a claim in formal writing
Assert
to state firmly and confidently without providing proof
Examine
to investigate or analyse something carefully
Demonstrate
to show evidence that something is true or exists
Examples
The author argues that technology has transformed education.
The report asserts that crime has fallen significantly.

Words 5–8

Furthermore
a discourse marker that adds a stronger or more important point
Nevertheless
a discourse marker showing contrast despite the previous point
Whilst
formal equivalent of "while" — used in academic writing
Subsequent
coming after something in time or order
Examples
The results were unexpected. Furthermore, they contradicted earlier findings.
The data was incomplete. Nevertheless, conclusions were drawn.

Words 9–12

Aforementioned
mentioned earlier in the same document or text
Validity
the quality of being logically sound or having legal/official force
Empirical
based on observation and data rather than theory alone
Paradigm
a standard model or pattern used in a particular field
Examples
The aforementioned study was conducted in 2019.
Scholars have questioned the validity of the original experiment.
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